Shock Breakout in Three-dimensional Red Supergiant Envelopes

Abstract Using Athena++ , we perform 3D radiation-hydrodynamic calculations of the radiative breakout shock wave in outer envelope a red supergiant (RSG) that has suffered core collapse and will become Type IIP supernova. The intrinsically structure fully convective RSG yields key differences brightness duration (SBO) from predicted 1D stellar model. First, lower-density “halo” material outside traditional photosphere models leads to at lower densities than models. This would prolong flash any given location on surface ?1–2 hr. However, find even larger impact is effect associated with large-scale fluctuations density cause break out different radii times. substantially prolongs SBO ?3–6 hr implies diversity temperatures, as patches across are stages their cooling time. These durations better agreement existing observations SBO. longer luminosities by factor 3–10 ( L bol ? 10 44 erg s ?1 ), derive new scalings explosion energies properties. properties eliminate possibility using observed rise times measure radius via light-travel time effects.